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If Wang's policies had not been sabotaged by petty reactionary incompetence after his ouster, Western Xia would have been recovered, and Jin's position would have been severely weakened.
With both Xia and Jin defeated, the Song would have access to the elite calvary they needed, and the later humiliations of the Jingkang incident and the Mongol piecemeal conquest would not have happened. Wang's policy of using free labor for public works solved unemployment and prevented involuntary servitude. The small tax to pay for it fell only upon the privileged who ought to pay a small share to relieve the burdens of their fellow countrymen.
Moreover, the Pao Chia system village militia was not conscription as the author claims, but an innovative and empowering institution that combined community policing with self defense. No one was yanked from their homes and forced into the harsh environment of the barracks or sent on faraway foreign campaigns, instead, they lived in the comfort of their own homes and trained with their friends. Instead of answering to potentially corrupt appointed constables, the villagers received the chance and training to police themselves.
If there was war, they fought in their own regions to defend their own homes and farms. Furthermore, the green sprouts law was perhaps the finest law ever instituted. Thus, Wang An Shih's low interest farmer's loans due only at harvest allowed many small farmers to keep their land and finally have something to show for the sweat of their brows.
Moreover, the interest proceeds were most likely spent on the Irrigation and Flood Control works which reclaimed and irrigated an enormous amount of wasteland, turning them into productive farm lands. Thus, when Wang An Shih said that he would increase revenue without new taxes, he did so by tapping untouched natural potential. Moreover, Wang An Shih's land surveys made sure that only rich fertile lands were taxed, and that cemeteries, hills and forest lands were made tax exempt.
The author also fails to stress that the Song era big merchants were monopolists who grew rich off state purchases and squeezed out small business. Wang's reforms benefitted both the state and small business by giving them economies of scale through consortium purchasing, micro loans, a ready market, and by reducing their tax burdens through his trade tax reforms at the deserved expense of the monopolists' exorbitant profits and levies.
Moreover, his logistical reforms were even better. By telling local officials to buy and sell commodities in accordance with the principles of inverse arbitrage and supply and demand, instead of sending revenues of grain and silk on the arduous and costly journey to the capital, Wang managed through clever logistical decentralization to gain price stability and freedom from scarcity. Thus, through low interest entrepreneurial micro loans, community policing, low interest farmer's loans, logistical efficiency, tax reductions and moderate taxation on the powerful, cost cutting, reduction of bloated military, and infrastructure investment, Wang managed to generate for the state an impressive budget surplus while giving the common people freedom, dignity, security and prosperity for the first time in their lives.
I feel it is manifest that the negative accounts of the results of Wang's reforms the author cites are biased and false accounts created by reactionary merchants and scholar officials whose opportunities for usury and price gouging were curtailed by Wang's reforms. Moreover, the one instance of crop failure was in the conservative north where the nobility no doubt sabotaged his programs to preserve their privileges.
The rest of the country benefitted immensely. Furthermore, even if some of the officials promoted by Wang were not the best candidates, the fault would lie with the old imperial officials who were unwilling to cooperate out of concern for their own economic benefits. As for his educational reforms, Wang promoted learning of medicine, practical knowledge, and practical policy application of the classics.
It is no wonder that within a generation of Wang An Shih's death and the reversal of his policies, the Jin conquered the northern half of the Song and inflicted upon them the Jingkang humiliation. Permanently crippling the Song and leaving it vulnerable to the later Mongol invasions. It is said that, "Those who accord with Heaven will prosper and those who defy will meet extinction".
Thus, these military defeats could only be a sign that the rejection of Wang's reforms were against Heaven's will. To conclude, according to Ulrich Theobald: "The reforms on the one hand enormously profited the state treasury, and thus achieved its main aim. At the same time, the rural economy was given new inputs by the credit system and organizational changes.
On the other hand, the privileges and benefits of landowners and state officials were trimmed, and therefore caused their harsh resistance to the new laws. Persons formerly exempted from certain taxes had to pay more.
The hilarious and informative guide to lesbian love by seasoned therapist and author Marny Hall. Hall has been counseling lesbian couples for forty years and knows whereof she speaks.
This fascinating biographical narrative in which Richard Hall, the well-known gay writer, explores his own family history via the letters of his closeted gay uncle.
What was it like to be gay in the early part of the last century? A thorough investigation of a thus far neglected population. Offers both broad and in-depth perspectives of the subject matter. Schifter succeeds in presenting a vivid and compelling picture of the hard lives of transvestite homosexuals. Page 1 of 1. Showing results: of 5.
Thus, I picked up this book with high hopes, yet I could not help but be bothered by the author's severe and undue biases against Wang An Shih's reforms, as well as his cringeworthy and elementary mistakes in regards to historical facts. For instance, there was no conscription in the Song dynasty as the author claims, instead, the Sung utilized a bloated "professional" army of which a large portion included the old, poor and weak who joined for a bowl of rice and deserted when they could.
What Wang An Shih abolished was the burdensome and humiliating corvee service that broke up families and left their farms abandoned to ruin or inefficiency. Moreover, this ineffective army was also breaking the treasury. Wang An Shih retired half of this army and trained up the remaining half into an elite military force that won only victories against the Western Xia during his tenure in office. This was not warmongering, but a necessary campaign to recover the important horse breeding grounds of the north.
If Wang's policies had not been sabotaged by petty reactionary incompetence after his ouster, Western Xia would have been recovered, and Jin's position would have been severely weakened. With both Xia and Jin defeated, the Song would have access to the elite calvary they needed, and the later humiliations of the Jingkang incident and the Mongol piecemeal conquest would not have happened.
Wang's policy of using free labor for public works solved unemployment and prevented involuntary servitude. The small tax to pay for it fell only upon the privileged who ought to pay a small share to relieve the burdens of their fellow countrymen.
Moreover, the Pao Chia system village militia was not conscription as the author claims, but an innovative and empowering institution that combined community policing with self defense. No one was yanked from their homes and forced into the harsh environment of the barracks or sent on faraway foreign campaigns, instead, they lived in the comfort of their own homes and trained with their friends. Instead of answering to potentially corrupt appointed constables, the villagers received the chance and training to police themselves.
If there was war, they fought in their own regions to defend their own homes and farms. Furthermore, the green sprouts law was perhaps the finest law ever instituted.
Thus, Wang An Shih's low interest farmer's loans due only at harvest allowed many small farmers to keep their land and finally have something to show for the sweat of their brows. Moreover, the interest proceeds were most likely spent on the Irrigation and Flood Control works which reclaimed and irrigated an enormous amount of wasteland, turning them into productive farm lands. Thus, when Wang An Shih said that he would increase revenue without new taxes, he did so by tapping untouched natural potential.
Moreover, Wang An Shih's land surveys made sure that only rich fertile lands were taxed, and that cemeteries, hills and forest lands were made tax exempt.
The author also fails to stress that the Song era big merchants were monopolists who grew rich off state purchases and squeezed out small business. Wang's reforms benefitted both the state and small business by giving them economies of scale through consortium purchasing, micro loans, a ready market, and by reducing their tax burdens through his trade tax reforms at the deserved expense of the monopolists' exorbitant profits and levies.
Moreover, his logistical reforms were even better. By telling local officials to buy and sell commodities in accordance with the principles of inverse arbitrage and supply and demand, instead of sending revenues of grain and silk on the arduous and costly journey to the capital, Wang managed through clever logistical decentralization to gain price stability and freedom from scarcity.
Thus, through low interest entrepreneurial micro loans, community policing, low interest farmer's loans, logistical efficiency, tax reductions and moderate taxation on the powerful, cost cutting, reduction of bloated military, and infrastructure investment, Wang managed to generate for the state an impressive budget surplus while giving the common people freedom, dignity, security and prosperity for the first time in their lives.
I feel it is manifest that the negative accounts of the results of Wang's reforms the author cites are biased and false accounts created by reactionary merchants and scholar officials whose opportunities for usury and price gouging were curtailed by Wang's reforms. Moreover, the one instance of crop failure was in the conservative north where the nobility no doubt sabotaged his programs to preserve their privileges.
The rest of the country benefitted immensely. Furthermore, even if some of the officials promoted by Wang were not the best candidates, the fault would lie with the old imperial officials who were unwilling to cooperate out of concern for their own economic benefits. As for his educational reforms, Wang promoted learning of medicine, practical knowledge, and practical policy application of the classics. It is no wonder that within a generation of Wang An Shih's death and the reversal of his policies, the Jin conquered the northern half of the Song and inflicted upon them the Jingkang humiliation.
Permanently crippling the Song and leaving it vulnerable to the later Mongol invasions. This fascinating biographical narrative in which Richard Hall, the well-known gay writer, explores his own family history via the letters of his closeted gay uncle. What was it like to be gay in the early part of the last century? A thorough investigation of a thus far neglected population. Offers both broad and in-depth perspectives of the subject matter. Schifter succeeds in presenting a vivid and compelling picture of the hard lives of transvestite homosexuals.
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